hle: kernel: k_memory_manager: Rework for latest kernel behavior.

- Updates the KMemoryManager implementation against latest documentation.
- Reworks KMemoryLayout to be accessed throughout the kernel.
- Fixes an issue with pool sizes being incorrectly reported.

src/core/hle/kernel/k_memory_manager.cpp

@@ -10,189 +10,412 @@
 #include "common/scope_exit.h"
 #include "core/core.h"
 #include "core/device_memory.h"
+#include "core/hle/kernel/initial_process.h"
 #include "core/hle/kernel/k_memory_manager.h"
 #include "core/hle/kernel/k_page_linked_list.h"
+#include "core/hle/kernel/kernel.h"
 #include "core/hle/kernel/svc_results.h"
+#include "core/memory.h"
 
 namespace Kernel {
 
-KMemoryManager::KMemoryManager(Core::System& system_) : system{system_} {}
+namespace {
+
+constexpr KMemoryManager::Pool GetPoolFromMemoryRegionType(u32 type) {
+    if ((type | KMemoryRegionType_DramApplicationPool) == type) {
+        return KMemoryManager::Pool::Application;
+    } else if ((type | KMemoryRegionType_DramAppletPool) == type) {
+        return KMemoryManager::Pool::Applet;
+    } else if ((type | KMemoryRegionType_DramSystemPool) == type) {
+        return KMemoryManager::Pool::System;
+    } else if ((type | KMemoryRegionType_DramSystemNonSecurePool) == type) {
+        return KMemoryManager::Pool::SystemNonSecure;
+    } else {
+        UNREACHABLE_MSG("InvalidMemoryRegionType for conversion to Pool");
+        return {};
+    }
+}
 
-std::size_t KMemoryManager::Impl::Initialize(Pool new_pool, u64 start_address, u64 end_address) {
-    const auto size{end_address - start_address};
+} // namespace
+
+KMemoryManager::KMemoryManager(Core::System& system_)
+    : system{system_}, pool_locks{
+                           KLightLock{system_.Kernel()},
+                           KLightLock{system_.Kernel()},
+                           KLightLock{system_.Kernel()},
+                           KLightLock{system_.Kernel()},
+                       } {}
+
+void KMemoryManager::Initialize(VAddr management_region, size_t management_region_size) {
+
+    // Clear the management region to zero.
+    const VAddr management_region_end = management_region + management_region_size;
+
+    // Reset our manager count.
+    num_managers = 0;
+
+    // Traverse the virtual memory layout tree, initializing each manager as appropriate.
+    while (num_managers != MaxManagerCount) {
+        // Locate the region that should initialize the current manager.
+        PAddr region_address = 0;
+        size_t region_size = 0;
+        Pool region_pool = Pool::Count;
+        for (const auto& it : system.Kernel().MemoryLayout().GetPhysicalMemoryRegionTree()) {
+            // We only care about regions that we need to create managers for.
+            if (!it.IsDerivedFrom(KMemoryRegionType_DramUserPool)) {
+                continue;
+            }
 
-    // Calculate metadata sizes
-    const auto ref_count_size{(size / PageSize) * sizeof(u16)};
-    const auto optimize_map_size{(Common::AlignUp((size / PageSize), 64) / 64) * sizeof(u64)};
-    const auto manager_size{Common::AlignUp(optimize_map_size + ref_count_size, PageSize)};
-    const auto page_heap_size{KPageHeap::CalculateManagementOverheadSize(size)};
-    const auto total_metadata_size{manager_size + page_heap_size};
-    ASSERT(manager_size <= total_metadata_size);
-    ASSERT(Common::IsAligned(total_metadata_size, PageSize));
+            // We want to initialize the managers in order.
+            if (it.GetAttributes() != num_managers) {
+                continue;
+            }
 
-    // Setup region
-    pool = new_pool;
+            const PAddr cur_start = it.GetAddress();
+            const PAddr cur_end = it.GetEndAddress();
+
+            // Validate the region.
+            ASSERT(cur_end != 0);
+            ASSERT(cur_start != 0);
+            ASSERT(it.GetSize() > 0);
+
+            // Update the region's extents.
+            if (region_address == 0) {
+                region_address = cur_start;
+                region_size = it.GetSize();
+                region_pool = GetPoolFromMemoryRegionType(it.GetType());
+            } else {
+                ASSERT(cur_start == region_address + region_size);
+
+                // Update the size.
+                region_size = cur_end - region_address;
+                ASSERT(GetPoolFromMemoryRegionType(it.GetType()) == region_pool);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // If we didn't find a region, we're done.
+        if (region_size == 0) {
+            break;
+        }
 
-    // Initialize the manager's KPageHeap
-    heap.Initialize(start_address, size, page_heap_size);
+        // Initialize a new manager for the region.
+        Impl* manager = std::addressof(managers[num_managers++]);
+        ASSERT(num_managers <= managers.size());
+
+        const size_t cur_size = manager->Initialize(region_address, region_size, management_region,
+                                                    management_region_end, region_pool);
+        management_region += cur_size;
+        ASSERT(management_region <= management_region_end);
+
+        // Insert the manager into the pool list.
+        const auto region_pool_index = static_cast<u32>(region_pool);
+        if (pool_managers_tail[region_pool_index] == nullptr) {
+            pool_managers_head[region_pool_index] = manager;
+        } else {
+            pool_managers_tail[region_pool_index]->SetNext(manager);
+            manager->SetPrev(pool_managers_tail[region_pool_index]);
+        }
+        pool_managers_tail[region_pool_index] = manager;
+    }
 
-    // Free the memory to the heap
-    heap.Free(start_address, size / PageSize);
+    // Free each region to its corresponding heap.
+    size_t reserved_sizes[MaxManagerCount] = {};
+    const PAddr ini_start = GetInitialProcessBinaryPhysicalAddress();
+    const PAddr ini_end = ini_start + InitialProcessBinarySizeMax;
+    const PAddr ini_last = ini_end - 1;
+    for (const auto& it : system.Kernel().MemoryLayout().GetPhysicalMemoryRegionTree()) {
+        if (it.IsDerivedFrom(KMemoryRegionType_DramUserPool)) {
+            // Get the manager for the region.
+            auto index = it.GetAttributes();
+            auto& manager = managers[index];
+
+            const PAddr cur_start = it.GetAddress();
+            const PAddr cur_last = it.GetLastAddress();
+            const PAddr cur_end = it.GetEndAddress();
+
+            if (cur_start <= ini_start && ini_last <= cur_last) {
+                // Free memory before the ini to the heap.
+                if (cur_start != ini_start) {
+                    manager.Free(cur_start, (ini_start - cur_start) / PageSize);
+                }
 
-    // Update the heap's used size
-    heap.UpdateUsedSize();
+                // Open/reserve the ini memory.
+                manager.OpenFirst(ini_start, InitialProcessBinarySizeMax / PageSize);
+                reserved_sizes[it.GetAttributes()] += InitialProcessBinarySizeMax;
 
-    return total_metadata_size;
-}
+                // Free memory after the ini to the heap.
+                if (ini_last != cur_last) {
+                    ASSERT(cur_end != 0);
+                    manager.Free(ini_end, cur_end - ini_end);
+                }
+            } else {
+                // Ensure there's no partial overlap with the ini image.
+                if (cur_start <= ini_last) {
+                    ASSERT(cur_last < ini_start);
+                } else {
+                    // Otherwise, check the region for general validity.
+                    ASSERT(cur_end != 0);
+                }
 
-void KMemoryManager::InitializeManager(Pool pool, u64 start_address, u64 end_address) {
-    ASSERT(pool < Pool::Count);
-    managers[static_cast<std::size_t>(pool)].Initialize(pool, start_address, end_address);
+                // Free the memory to the heap.
+                manager.Free(cur_start, it.GetSize() / PageSize);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Update the used size for all managers.
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < num_managers; ++i) {
+        managers[i].SetInitialUsedHeapSize(reserved_sizes[i]);
+    }
 }
 
-VAddr KMemoryManager::AllocateAndOpenContinuous(std::size_t num_pages, std::size_t align_pages,
-                                                u32 option) {
-    // Early return if we're allocating no pages
+PAddr KMemoryManager::AllocateAndOpenContinuous(size_t num_pages, size_t align_pages, u32 option) {
+    // Early return if we're allocating no pages.
     if (num_pages == 0) {
-        return {};
+        return 0;
     }
 
-    // Lock the pool that we're allocating from
+    // Lock the pool that we're allocating from.
     const auto [pool, dir] = DecodeOption(option);
-    const auto pool_index{static_cast<std::size_t>(pool)};
-    std::lock_guard lock{pool_locks[pool_index]};
-
-    // Choose a heap based on our page size request
-    const s32 heap_index{KPageHeap::GetAlignedBlockIndex(num_pages, align_pages)};
-
-    // Loop, trying to iterate from each block
-    // TODO (bunnei): Support multiple managers
-    Impl& chosen_manager{managers[pool_index]};
-    VAddr allocated_block{chosen_manager.AllocateBlock(heap_index, false)};
+    KScopedLightLock lk(pool_locks[static_cast<std::size_t>(pool)]);
+
+    // Choose a heap based on our page size request.
+    const s32 heap_index = KPageHeap::GetAlignedBlockIndex(num_pages, align_pages);
+
+    // Loop, trying to iterate from each block.
+    Impl* chosen_manager = nullptr;
+    PAddr allocated_block = 0;
+    for (chosen_manager = this->GetFirstManager(pool, dir); chosen_manager != nullptr;
+         chosen_manager = this->GetNextManager(chosen_manager, dir)) {
+        allocated_block = chosen_manager->AllocateBlock(heap_index, true);
+        if (allocated_block != 0) {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
 
-    // If we failed to allocate, quit now
-    if (!allocated_block) {
-        return {};
+    // If we failed to allocate, quit now.
+    if (allocated_block == 0) {
+        return 0;
     }
 
-    // If we allocated more than we need, free some
-    const auto allocated_pages{KPageHeap::GetBlockNumPages(heap_index)};
+    // If we allocated more than we need, free some.
+    const size_t allocated_pages = KPageHeap::GetBlockNumPages(heap_index);
     if (allocated_pages > num_pages) {
-        chosen_manager.Free(allocated_block + num_pages * PageSize, allocated_pages - num_pages);
+        chosen_manager->Free(allocated_block + num_pages * PageSize, allocated_pages - num_pages);
     }
 
+    // Open the first reference to the pages.
+    chosen_manager->OpenFirst(allocated_block, num_pages);
+
     return allocated_block;
 }
 
-ResultCode KMemoryManager::Allocate(KPageLinkedList& page_list, std::size_t num_pages, Pool pool,
-                                    Direction dir, u32 heap_fill_value) {
-    ASSERT(page_list.GetNumPages() == 0);
+ResultCode KMemoryManager::AllocatePageGroupImpl(KPageLinkedList* out, size_t num_pages, Pool pool,
+                                                 Direction dir, bool random) {
+    // Choose a heap based on our page size request.
+    const s32 heap_index = KPageHeap::GetBlockIndex(num_pages);
+    R_UNLESS(0 <= heap_index, ResultOutOfMemory);
+
+    // Ensure that we don't leave anything un-freed.
+    auto group_guard = SCOPE_GUARD({
+        for (const auto& it : out->Nodes()) {
+            auto& manager = this->GetManager(system.Kernel().MemoryLayout(), it.GetAddress());
+            const size_t num_pages_to_free =
+                std::min(it.GetNumPages(), (manager.GetEndAddress() - it.GetAddress()) / PageSize);
+            manager.Free(it.GetAddress(), num_pages_to_free);
+        }
+    });
 
-    // Early return if we're allocating no pages
-    if (num_pages == 0) {
-        return ResultSuccess;
-    }
+    // Keep allocating until we've allocated all our pages.
+    for (s32 index = heap_index; index >= 0 && num_pages > 0; index--) {
+        const size_t pages_per_alloc = KPageHeap::GetBlockNumPages(index);
+        for (Impl* cur_manager = this->GetFirstManager(pool, dir); cur_manager != nullptr;
+             cur_manager = this->GetNextManager(cur_manager, dir)) {
+            while (num_pages >= pages_per_alloc) {
+                // Allocate a block.
+                PAddr allocated_block = cur_manager->AllocateBlock(index, random);
+                if (allocated_block == 0) {
+                    break;
+                }
 
-    // Lock the pool that we're allocating from
-    const auto pool_index{static_cast<std::size_t>(pool)};
-    std::lock_guard lock{pool_locks[pool_index]};
+                // Safely add it to our group.
+                {
+                    auto block_guard =
+                        SCOPE_GUARD({ cur_manager->Free(allocated_block, pages_per_alloc); });
+                    R_TRY(out->AddBlock(allocated_block, pages_per_alloc));
+                    block_guard.Cancel();
+                }
 
-    // Choose a heap based on our page size request
-    const s32 heap_index{KPageHeap::GetBlockIndex(num_pages)};
-    if (heap_index < 0) {
-        return ResultOutOfMemory;
+                num_pages -= pages_per_alloc;
+            }
+        }
     }
 
-    // TODO (bunnei): Support multiple managers
-    Impl& chosen_manager{managers[pool_index]};
+    // Only succeed if we allocated as many pages as we wanted.
+    R_UNLESS(num_pages == 0, ResultOutOfMemory);
 
-    // Ensure that we don't leave anything un-freed
-    auto group_guard = detail::ScopeExit([&] {
-        for (const auto& it : page_list.Nodes()) {
-            const auto min_num_pages{std::min<size_t>(
-                it.GetNumPages(), (chosen_manager.GetEndAddress() - it.GetAddress()) / PageSize)};
-            chosen_manager.Free(it.GetAddress(), min_num_pages);
-        }
-    });
+    // We succeeded!
+    group_guard.Cancel();
+    return ResultSuccess;
+}
 
-    // Keep allocating until we've allocated all our pages
-    for (s32 index{heap_index}; index >= 0 && num_pages > 0; index--) {
-        const auto pages_per_alloc{KPageHeap::GetBlockNumPages(index)};
+ResultCode KMemoryManager::AllocateAndOpen(KPageLinkedList* out, size_t num_pages, u32 option) {
+    ASSERT(out != nullptr);
+    ASSERT(out->GetNumPages() == 0);
 
-        while (num_pages >= pages_per_alloc) {
-            // Allocate a block
-            VAddr allocated_block{chosen_manager.AllocateBlock(index, false)};
-            if (!allocated_block) {
-                break;
-            }
+    // Early return if we're allocating no pages.
+    R_SUCCEED_IF(num_pages == 0);
 
-            // Safely add it to our group
-            {
-                auto block_guard = detail::ScopeExit(
-                    [&] { chosen_manager.Free(allocated_block, pages_per_alloc); });
+    // Lock the pool that we're allocating from.
+    const auto [pool, dir] = DecodeOption(option);
+    KScopedLightLock lk(pool_locks[static_cast<size_t>(pool)]);
+
+    // Allocate the page group.
+    R_TRY(this->AllocatePageGroupImpl(out, num_pages, pool, dir, false));
+
+    // Open the first reference to the pages.
+    for (const auto& block : out->Nodes()) {
+        PAddr cur_address = block.GetAddress();
+        size_t remaining_pages = block.GetNumPages();
+        while (remaining_pages > 0) {
+            // Get the manager for the current address.
+            auto& manager = this->GetManager(system.Kernel().MemoryLayout(), cur_address);
+
+            // Process part or all of the block.
+            const size_t cur_pages =
+                std::min(remaining_pages, manager.GetPageOffsetToEnd(cur_address));
+            manager.OpenFirst(cur_address, cur_pages);
+
+            // Advance.
+            cur_address += cur_pages * PageSize;
+            remaining_pages -= cur_pages;
+        }
+    }
 
-                if (const ResultCode result{page_list.AddBlock(allocated_block, pages_per_alloc)};
-                    result.IsError()) {
-                    return result;
-                }
+    return ResultSuccess;
+}
 
-                block_guard.Cancel();
-            }
+ResultCode KMemoryManager::AllocateAndOpenForProcess(KPageLinkedList* out, size_t num_pages,
+                                                     u32 option, u64 process_id, u8 fill_pattern) {
+    ASSERT(out != nullptr);
+    ASSERT(out->GetNumPages() == 0);
 
-            num_pages -= pages_per_alloc;
-        }
-    }
+    // Decode the option.
+    const auto [pool, dir] = DecodeOption(option);
 
-    // Clear allocated memory.
-    for (const auto& it : page_list.Nodes()) {
-        std::memset(system.DeviceMemory().GetPointer(it.GetAddress()), heap_fill_value,
-                    it.GetSize());
+    // Allocate the memory.
+    {
+        // Lock the pool that we're allocating from.
+        KScopedLightLock lk(pool_locks[static_cast<size_t>(pool)]);
+
+        // Allocate the page group.
+        R_TRY(this->AllocatePageGroupImpl(out, num_pages, pool, dir, false));
+
+        // Open the first reference to the pages.
+        for (const auto& block : out->Nodes()) {
+            PAddr cur_address = block.GetAddress();
+            size_t remaining_pages = block.GetNumPages();
+            while (remaining_pages > 0) {
+                // Get the manager for the current address.
+                auto& manager = this->GetManager(system.Kernel().MemoryLayout(), cur_address);
+
+                // Process part or all of the block.
+                const size_t cur_pages =
+                    std::min(remaining_pages, manager.GetPageOffsetToEnd(cur_address));
+                manager.OpenFirst(cur_address, cur_pages);
+
+                // Advance.
+                cur_address += cur_pages * PageSize;
+                remaining_pages -= cur_pages;
+            }
+        }
     }
 
-    // Only succeed if we allocated as many pages as we wanted
-    if (num_pages) {
-        return ResultOutOfMemory;
+    // Set all the allocated memory.
+    for (const auto& block : out->Nodes()) {
+        std::memset(system.DeviceMemory().GetPointer(block.GetAddress()), fill_pattern,
+                    block.GetSize());
     }
 
-    // We succeeded!
-    group_guard.Cancel();
-
     return ResultSuccess;
 }
 
-ResultCode KMemoryManager::Free(KPageLinkedList& page_list, std::size_t num_pages, Pool pool,
-                                Direction dir, u32 heap_fill_value) {
-    // Early return if we're freeing no pages
-    if (!num_pages) {
-        return ResultSuccess;
+void KMemoryManager::Open(PAddr address, size_t num_pages) {
+    // Repeatedly open references until we've done so for all pages.
+    while (num_pages) {
+        auto& manager = this->GetManager(system.Kernel().MemoryLayout(), address);
+        const size_t cur_pages = std::min(num_pages, manager.GetPageOffsetToEnd(address));
+
+        {
+            KScopedLightLock lk(pool_locks[static_cast<size_t>(manager.GetPool())]);
+            manager.Open(address, cur_pages);
+        }
+
+        num_pages -= cur_pages;
+        address += cur_pages * PageSize;
     }
+}
 
-    // Lock the pool that we're freeing from
-    const auto pool_index{static_cast<std::size_t>(pool)};
-    std::lock_guard lock{pool_locks[pool_index]};
+void KMemoryManager::Close(PAddr address, size_t num_pages) {
+    // Repeatedly close references until we've done so for all pages.
+    while (num_pages) {
+        auto& manager = this->GetManager(system.Kernel().MemoryLayout(), address);
+        const size_t cur_pages = std::min(num_pages, manager.GetPageOffsetToEnd(address));
 
-    // TODO (bunnei): Support multiple managers
-    Impl& chosen_manager{managers[pool_index]};
+        {
+            KScopedLightLock lk(pool_locks[static_cast<size_t>(manager.GetPool())]);
+            manager.Close(address, cur_pages);
+        }
 
-    // Free all of the pages
-    for (const auto& it : page_list.Nodes()) {
-        const auto min_num_pages{std::min<size_t>(
-            it.GetNumPages(), (chosen_manager.GetEndAddress() - it.GetAddress()) / PageSize)};
-        chosen_manager.Free(it.GetAddress(), min_num_pages);
+        num_pages -= cur_pages;
+        address += cur_pages * PageSize;
     }
+}
 
-    return ResultSuccess;
+void KMemoryManager::Close(const KPageLinkedList& pg) {
+    for (const auto& node : pg.Nodes()) {
+        Close(node.GetAddress(), node.GetNumPages());
+    }
+}
+void KMemoryManager::Open(const KPageLinkedList& pg) {
+    for (const auto& node : pg.Nodes()) {
+        Open(node.GetAddress(), node.GetNumPages());
+    }
+}
+
+size_t KMemoryManager::Impl::Initialize(PAddr address, size_t size, VAddr management,
+                                        VAddr management_end, Pool p) {
+    // Calculate management sizes.
+    const size_t ref_count_size = (size / PageSize) * sizeof(u16);
+    const size_t optimize_map_size = CalculateOptimizedProcessOverheadSize(size);
+    const size_t manager_size = Common::AlignUp(optimize_map_size + ref_count_size, PageSize);
+    const size_t page_heap_size = KPageHeap::CalculateManagementOverheadSize(size);
+    const size_t total_management_size = manager_size + page_heap_size;
+    ASSERT(manager_size <= total_management_size);
+    ASSERT(management + total_management_size <= management_end);
+    ASSERT(Common::IsAligned(total_management_size, PageSize));
+
+    // Setup region.
+    pool = p;
+    management_region = management;
+    page_reference_counts.resize(
+        Kernel::Board::Nintendo::Nx::KSystemControl::Init::GetIntendedMemorySize() / PageSize);
+    ASSERT(Common::IsAligned(management_region, PageSize));
+
+    // Initialize the manager's KPageHeap.
+    heap.Initialize(address, size, management + manager_size, page_heap_size);
+
+    return total_management_size;
 }
 
-std::size_t KMemoryManager::Impl::CalculateManagementOverheadSize(std::size_t region_size) {
-    const std::size_t ref_count_size = (region_size / PageSize) * sizeof(u16);
-    const std::size_t optimize_map_size =
+size_t KMemoryManager::Impl::CalculateManagementOverheadSize(size_t region_size) {
+    const size_t ref_count_size = (region_size / PageSize) * sizeof(u16);
+    const size_t optimize_map_size =
         (Common::AlignUp((region_size / PageSize), Common::BitSize<u64>()) /
          Common::BitSize<u64>()) *
         sizeof(u64);
-    const std::size_t manager_meta_size =
-        Common::AlignUp(optimize_map_size + ref_count_size, PageSize);
-    const std::size_t page_heap_size = KPageHeap::CalculateManagementOverheadSize(region_size);
+    const size_t manager_meta_size = Common::AlignUp(optimize_map_size + ref_count_size, PageSize);
+    const size_t page_heap_size = KPageHeap::CalculateManagementOverheadSize(region_size);
     return manager_meta_size + page_heap_size;
 }
 

src/core/hle/kernel/k_memory_manager.h

@@ -5,11 +5,12 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include <array>
-#include <mutex>
 #include <tuple>
 
 #include "common/common_funcs.h"
 #include "common/common_types.h"
+#include "core/hle/kernel/k_light_lock.h"
+#include "core/hle/kernel/k_memory_layout.h"
 #include "core/hle/kernel/k_page_heap.h"
 #include "core/hle/result.h"
 
@@ -52,22 +53,33 @@ public:
 
     explicit KMemoryManager(Core::System& system_);
 
-    constexpr std::size_t GetSize(Pool pool) const {
-        return managers[static_cast<std::size_t>(pool)].GetSize();
+    void Initialize(VAddr management_region, size_t management_region_size);
+
+    constexpr size_t GetSize(Pool pool) const {
+        constexpr Direction GetSizeDirection = Direction::FromFront;
+        size_t total = 0;
+        for (auto* manager = this->GetFirstManager(pool, GetSizeDirection); manager != nullptr;
+             manager = this->GetNextManager(manager, GetSizeDirection)) {
+            total += manager->GetSize();
+        }
+        return total;
     }
 
-    void InitializeManager(Pool pool, u64 start_address, u64 end_address);
+    PAddr AllocateAndOpenContinuous(size_t num_pages, size_t align_pages, u32 option);
+    ResultCode AllocateAndOpen(KPageLinkedList* out, size_t num_pages, u32 option);
+    ResultCode AllocateAndOpenForProcess(KPageLinkedList* out, size_t num_pages, u32 option,
+                                         u64 process_id, u8 fill_pattern);
+
+    static constexpr size_t MaxManagerCount = 10;
 
-    VAddr AllocateAndOpenContinuous(size_t num_pages, size_t align_pages, u32 option);
-    ResultCode Allocate(KPageLinkedList& page_list, std::size_t num_pages, Pool pool, Direction dir,
-                        u32 heap_fill_value = 0);
-    ResultCode Free(KPageLinkedList& page_list, std::size_t num_pages, Pool pool, Direction dir,
-                    u32 heap_fill_value = 0);
+    void Close(PAddr address, size_t num_pages);
+    void Close(const KPageLinkedList& pg);
 
-    static constexpr std::size_t MaxManagerCount = 10;
+    void Open(PAddr address, size_t num_pages);
+    void Open(const KPageLinkedList& pg);
 
 public:
-    static std::size_t CalculateManagementOverheadSize(std::size_t region_size) {
+    static size_t CalculateManagementOverheadSize(size_t region_size) {
         return Impl::CalculateManagementOverheadSize(region_size);
     }
 
@@ -100,17 +112,26 @@ private:
         Impl() = default;
         ~Impl() = default;
 
-        std::size_t Initialize(Pool new_pool, u64 start_address, u64 end_address);
+        size_t Initialize(PAddr address, size_t size, VAddr management, VAddr management_end,
+                          Pool p);
 
         VAddr AllocateBlock(s32 index, bool random) {
             return heap.AllocateBlock(index, random);
         }
 
-        void Free(VAddr addr, std::size_t num_pages) {
+        void Free(VAddr addr, size_t num_pages) {
             heap.Free(addr, num_pages);
         }
 
-        constexpr std::size_t GetSize() const {
+        void SetInitialUsedHeapSize(size_t reserved_size) {
+            heap.SetInitialUsedSize(reserved_size);
+        }
+
+        constexpr Pool GetPool() const {
+            return pool;
+        }
+
+        constexpr size_t GetSize() const {
             return heap.GetSize();
         }
 
@@ -122,10 +143,88 @@ private:
             return heap.GetEndAddress();
         }
 
-        static std::size_t CalculateManagementOverheadSize(std::size_t region_size);
+        constexpr size_t GetPageOffset(PAddr address) const {
+            return heap.GetPageOffset(address);
+        }
+
+        constexpr size_t GetPageOffsetToEnd(PAddr address) const {
+            return heap.GetPageOffsetToEnd(address);
+        }
+
+        constexpr void SetNext(Impl* n) {
+            next = n;
+        }
+
+        constexpr void SetPrev(Impl* n) {
+            prev = n;
+        }
+
+        constexpr Impl* GetNext() const {
+            return next;
+        }
+
+        constexpr Impl* GetPrev() const {
+            return prev;
+        }
+
+        void OpenFirst(PAddr address, size_t num_pages) {
+            size_t index = this->GetPageOffset(address);
+            const size_t end = index + num_pages;
+            while (index < end) {
+                const RefCount ref_count = (++page_reference_counts[index]);
+                ASSERT(ref_count == 1);
 
-        static constexpr std::size_t CalculateOptimizedProcessOverheadSize(
-            std::size_t region_size) {
+                index++;
+            }
+        }
+
+        void Open(PAddr address, size_t num_pages) {
+            size_t index = this->GetPageOffset(address);
+            const size_t end = index + num_pages;
+            while (index < end) {
+                const RefCount ref_count = (++page_reference_counts[index]);
+                ASSERT(ref_count > 1);
+
+                index++;
+            }
+        }
+
+        void Close(PAddr address, size_t num_pages) {
+            size_t index = this->GetPageOffset(address);
+            const size_t end = index + num_pages;
+
+            size_t free_start = 0;
+            size_t free_count = 0;
+            while (index < end) {
+                ASSERT(page_reference_counts[index] > 0);
+                const RefCount ref_count = (--page_reference_counts[index]);
+
+                // Keep track of how many zero refcounts we see in a row, to minimize calls to free.
+                if (ref_count == 0) {
+                    if (free_count > 0) {
+                        free_count++;
+                    } else {
+                        free_start = index;
+                        free_count = 1;
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    if (free_count > 0) {
+                        this->Free(heap.GetAddress() + free_start * PageSize, free_count);
+                        free_count = 0;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                index++;
+            }
+
+            if (free_count > 0) {
+                this->Free(heap.GetAddress() + free_start * PageSize, free_count);
+            }
+        }
+
+        static size_t CalculateManagementOverheadSize(size_t region_size);
+
+        static constexpr size_t CalculateOptimizedProcessOverheadSize(size_t region_size) {
             return (Common::AlignUp((region_size / PageSize), Common::BitSize<u64>()) /
                     Common::BitSize<u64>()) *
                    sizeof(u64);
@@ -135,13 +234,45 @@ private:
         using RefCount = u16;
 
         KPageHeap heap;
+        std::vector<RefCount> page_reference_counts;
+        VAddr management_region{};
         Pool pool{};
+        Impl* next{};
+        Impl* prev{};
     };
 
+private:
+    Impl& GetManager(const KMemoryLayout& memory_layout, PAddr address) {
+        return managers[memory_layout.GetPhysicalLinearRegion(address).GetAttributes()];
+    }
+
+    const Impl& GetManager(const KMemoryLayout& memory_layout, PAddr address) const {
+        return managers[memory_layout.GetPhysicalLinearRegion(address).GetAttributes()];
+    }
+
+    constexpr Impl* GetFirstManager(Pool pool, Direction dir) const {
+        return dir == Direction::FromBack ? pool_managers_tail[static_cast<size_t>(pool)]
+                                          : pool_managers_head[static_cast<size_t>(pool)];
+    }
+
+    constexpr Impl* GetNextManager(Impl* cur, Direction dir) const {
+        if (dir == Direction::FromBack) {
+            return cur->GetPrev();
+        } else {
+            return cur->GetNext();
+        }
+    }
+
+    ResultCode AllocatePageGroupImpl(KPageLinkedList* out, size_t num_pages, Pool pool,
+                                     Direction dir, bool random);
+
 private:
     Core::System& system;
-    std::array<std::mutex, static_cast<std::size_t>(Pool::Count)> pool_locks;
+    std::array<KLightLock, static_cast<size_t>(Pool::Count)> pool_locks;
+    std::array<Impl*, MaxManagerCount> pool_managers_head{};
+    std::array<Impl*, MaxManagerCount> pool_managers_tail{};
     std::array<Impl, MaxManagerCount> managers;
+    size_t num_managers{};
 };
 
 } // namespace Kernel

src/core/hle/kernel/k_page_table.cpp

@@ -273,11 +273,12 @@ ResultCode KPageTable::MapProcessCode(VAddr addr, std::size_t num_pages, KMemory
     R_TRY(this->CheckMemoryState(addr, size, KMemoryState::All, KMemoryState::Free,
                                  KMemoryPermission::None, KMemoryPermission::None,
                                  KMemoryAttribute::None, KMemoryAttribute::None));
+    KPageLinkedList pg;
+    R_TRY(system.Kernel().MemoryManager().AllocateAndOpen(
+        &pg, num_pages,
+        KMemoryManager::EncodeOption(KMemoryManager::Pool::Application, allocation_option)));
 
-    KPageLinkedList page_linked_list;
-    R_TRY(system.Kernel().MemoryManager().Allocate(page_linked_list, num_pages, memory_pool,
-                                                   allocation_option));
-    R_TRY(Operate(addr, num_pages, page_linked_list, OperationType::MapGroup));
+    R_TRY(Operate(addr, num_pages, pg, OperationType::MapGroup));
 
     block_manager->Update(addr, num_pages, state, perm);
 
@@ -443,9 +444,10 @@ ResultCode KPageTable::MapPhysicalMemory(VAddr address, std::size_t size) {
             R_UNLESS(memory_reservation.Succeeded(), ResultLimitReached);
 
             // Allocate pages for the new memory.
-            KPageLinkedList page_linked_list;
-            R_TRY(system.Kernel().MemoryManager().Allocate(
-                page_linked_list, (size - mapped_size) / PageSize, memory_pool, allocation_option));
+            KPageLinkedList pg;
+            R_TRY(system.Kernel().MemoryManager().AllocateAndOpenForProcess(
+                &pg, (size - mapped_size) / PageSize,
+                KMemoryManager::EncodeOption(memory_pool, allocation_option), 0, 0));
 
             // Map the memory.
             {
@@ -547,7 +549,7 @@ ResultCode KPageTable::MapPhysicalMemory(VAddr address, std::size_t size) {
                 });
 
                 // Iterate over the memory.
-                auto pg_it = page_linked_list.Nodes().begin();
+                auto pg_it = pg.Nodes().begin();
                 PAddr pg_phys_addr = pg_it->GetAddress();
                 size_t pg_pages = pg_it->GetNumPages();
 
@@ -571,7 +573,7 @@ ResultCode KPageTable::MapPhysicalMemory(VAddr address, std::size_t size) {
                             // Check if we're at the end of the physical block.
                             if (pg_pages == 0) {
                                 // Ensure there are more pages to map.
-                                ASSERT(pg_it != page_linked_list.Nodes().end());
+                                ASSERT(pg_it != pg.Nodes().end());
 
                                 // Advance our physical block.
                                 ++pg_it;
@@ -841,10 +843,14 @@ ResultCode KPageTable::UnmapPhysicalMemory(VAddr address, std::size_t size) {
     process->GetResourceLimit()->Release(LimitableResource::PhysicalMemory, mapped_size);
 
     // Update memory blocks.
-    system.Kernel().MemoryManager().Free(pg, size / PageSize, memory_pool, allocation_option);
     block_manager->Update(address, size / PageSize, KMemoryState::Free, KMemoryPermission::None,
                           KMemoryAttribute::None);
 
+    // TODO(bunnei): This is a workaround until the next set of changes, where we add reference
+    // counting for mapped pages. Until then, we must manually close the reference to the page
+    // group.
+    system.Kernel().MemoryManager().Close(pg);
+
     // We succeeded.
     remap_guard.Cancel();
 
@@ -1270,9 +1276,16 @@ ResultCode KPageTable::SetHeapSize(VAddr* out, std::size_t size) {
     R_UNLESS(memory_reservation.Succeeded(), ResultLimitReached);
 
     // Allocate pages for the heap extension.
-    KPageLinkedList page_linked_list;
-    R_TRY(system.Kernel().MemoryManager().Allocate(page_linked_list, allocation_size / PageSize,
-                                                   memory_pool, allocation_option));
+    KPageLinkedList pg;
+    R_TRY(system.Kernel().MemoryManager().AllocateAndOpen(
+        &pg, allocation_size / PageSize,
+        KMemoryManager::EncodeOption(memory_pool, allocation_option)));
+
+    // Clear all the newly allocated pages.
+    for (const auto& it : pg.Nodes()) {
+        std::memset(system.DeviceMemory().GetPointer(it.GetAddress()), heap_fill_value,
+                    it.GetSize());
+    }
 
     // Map the pages.
     {
@@ -1291,7 +1304,7 @@ ResultCode KPageTable::SetHeapSize(VAddr* out, std::size_t size) {
 
         // Map the pages.
         const auto num_pages = allocation_size / PageSize;
-        R_TRY(Operate(current_heap_end, num_pages, page_linked_list, OperationType::MapGroup));
+        R_TRY(Operate(current_heap_end, num_pages, pg, OperationType::MapGroup));
 
         // Clear all the newly allocated pages.
         for (std::size_t cur_page = 0; cur_page < num_pages; ++cur_page) {
@@ -1339,8 +1352,9 @@ ResultVal<VAddr> KPageTable::AllocateAndMapMemory(std::size_t needed_num_pages,
         R_TRY(Operate(addr, needed_num_pages, perm, OperationType::Map, map_addr));
     } else {
         KPageLinkedList page_group;
-        R_TRY(system.Kernel().MemoryManager().Allocate(page_group, needed_num_pages, memory_pool,
-                                                       allocation_option));
+        R_TRY(system.Kernel().MemoryManager().AllocateAndOpenForProcess(
+            &page_group, needed_num_pages,
+            KMemoryManager::EncodeOption(memory_pool, allocation_option), 0, 0));
         R_TRY(Operate(addr, needed_num_pages, page_group, OperationType::MapGroup));
     }
 

src/core/hle/kernel/k_page_table.h

@@ -310,6 +310,8 @@ private:
     bool is_kernel{};
     bool is_aslr_enabled{};
 
+    u32 heap_fill_value{};
+
     KMemoryManager::Pool memory_pool{KMemoryManager::Pool::Application};
     KMemoryManager::Direction allocation_option{KMemoryManager::Direction::FromFront};
 

src/core/hle/kernel/kernel.cpp

@@ -70,13 +70,12 @@ struct KernelCore::Impl {
 
         // Derive the initial memory layout from the emulated board
         Init::InitializeSlabResourceCounts(kernel);
-        KMemoryLayout memory_layout;
-        DeriveInitialMemoryLayout(memory_layout);
+        DeriveInitialMemoryLayout();
         Init::InitializeSlabHeaps(system, memory_layout);
 
         // Initialize kernel memory and resources.
-        InitializeSystemResourceLimit(kernel, system.CoreTiming(), memory_layout);
-        InitializeMemoryLayout(memory_layout);
+        InitializeSystemResourceLimit(kernel, system.CoreTiming());
+        InitializeMemoryLayout();
         InitializePageSlab();
         InitializeSchedulers();
         InitializeSuspendThreads();
@@ -219,8 +218,7 @@ struct KernelCore::Impl {
 
     // Creates the default system resource limit
     void InitializeSystemResourceLimit(KernelCore& kernel,
-                                       const Core::Timing::CoreTiming& core_timing,
-                                       const KMemoryLayout& memory_layout) {
+                                       const Core::Timing::CoreTiming& core_timing) {
         system_resource_limit = KResourceLimit::Create(system.Kernel());
         system_resource_limit->Initialize(&core_timing);
 
@@ -353,7 +351,7 @@ struct KernelCore::Impl {
         return schedulers[thread_id]->GetCurrentThread();
     }
 
-    void DeriveInitialMemoryLayout(KMemoryLayout& memory_layout) {
+    void DeriveInitialMemoryLayout() {
         // Insert the root region for the virtual memory tree, from which all other regions will
         // derive.
         memory_layout.GetVirtualMemoryRegionTree().InsertDirectly(
@@ -616,20 +614,16 @@ struct KernelCore::Impl {
                                                         linear_region_start);
     }
 
-    void InitializeMemoryLayout(const KMemoryLayout& memory_layout) {
+    void InitializeMemoryLayout() {
         const auto system_pool = memory_layout.GetKernelSystemPoolRegionPhysicalExtents();
         const auto applet_pool = memory_layout.GetKernelAppletPoolRegionPhysicalExtents();
         const auto application_pool = memory_layout.GetKernelApplicationPoolRegionPhysicalExtents();
 
-        // Initialize memory managers
+        // Initialize the memory manager.
         memory_manager = std::make_unique<KMemoryManager>(system);
-        memory_manager->InitializeManager(KMemoryManager::Pool::Application,
-                                          application_pool.GetAddress(),
-                                          application_pool.GetEndAddress());
-        memory_manager->InitializeManager(KMemoryManager::Pool::Applet, applet_pool.GetAddress(),
-                                          applet_pool.GetEndAddress());
-        memory_manager->InitializeManager(KMemoryManager::Pool::System, system_pool.GetAddress(),
-                                          system_pool.GetEndAddress());
+        const auto& management_region = memory_layout.GetPoolManagementRegion();
+        ASSERT(management_region.GetEndAddress() != 0);
+        memory_manager->Initialize(management_region.GetAddress(), management_region.GetSize());
 
         // Setup memory regions for emulated processes
         // TODO(bunnei): These should not be hardcoded regions initialized within the kernel
@@ -770,6 +764,9 @@ struct KernelCore::Impl {
     Kernel::KSharedMemory* irs_shared_mem{};
     Kernel::KSharedMemory* time_shared_mem{};
 
+    // Memory layout
+    KMemoryLayout memory_layout;
+
     // Threads used for services
     std::unordered_set<std::shared_ptr<Kernel::ServiceThread>> service_threads;
     Common::ThreadWorker service_threads_manager;
@@ -1135,6 +1132,10 @@ const KWorkerTaskManager& KernelCore::WorkerTaskManager() const {
     return impl->worker_task_manager;
 }
 
+const KMemoryLayout& KernelCore::MemoryLayout() const {
+    return impl->memory_layout;
+}
+
 bool KernelCore::IsPhantomModeForSingleCore() const {
     return impl->IsPhantomModeForSingleCore();
 }

src/core/hle/kernel/kernel.h

@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@ class KClientSession;
 class KEvent;
 class KHandleTable;
 class KLinkedListNode;
+class KMemoryLayout;
 class KMemoryManager;
 class KPort;
 class KProcess;
@@ -350,6 +351,9 @@ public:
     /// Gets the current worker task manager, used for dispatching KThread/KProcess tasks.
     const KWorkerTaskManager& WorkerTaskManager() const;
 
+    /// Gets the memory layout.
+    const KMemoryLayout& MemoryLayout() const;
+
 private:
     friend class KProcess;
     friend class KThread;